The anxiety and depression subscales were also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. The results of our study show the appropriateness of hads for the identification of mood. The aims of this study were to examine the usefulness of the hospital anxiety and depression rating scale hads for gps by. This questionnaire is designed to help your clinician to know how you feel. Factor analyses of the hospital anxiety and depression. Anxiety depression summary the hospital anxiety and depression scale hads assesses anxiety and depression in a nonpsychiatric population through selfreporting. Pdf the hospital anxiety and depression scale researchgate. Its purpose is to provide clinicians with an acceptable, reliable, valid and easy to use. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads is a brief, validated instrument that screens for both depression and anxiety bjelland et al. An investigation into the psychometric properties of the. Hospital anxiety and depression scale occupational medicine. The beauty of the hads score is its simplicity, speed and.
Hospital anxiety and depression scale hads was originally developed by zigmond and snaith 1983 and is commonly used by doctors to determine the levels of anxiety and depression that a person is. Anxiety and depression in patients with chest pain referred for exercise testing. The findings of this study were published by zigmond. Depression anxiety and stress scale dass the dass is a 42item questionnaire which includes three selfreport scales designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and. Botega nj, bio mr, zomignani ma, garcia c jr, pereira wa. General practitioners gps diagnostic skills lead to underidentification of generalized anxiety disorders gad and major depressive episodes mde. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads was originally designed by zigmond and snaith in 1983 as a short, easytouse, 14item screening tool for depression and anxiety symptoms in the hospital outpatient setting. Full text the hospital anxiety and depression scale, in patients with. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads was developed by zigmond and snaith in 1983 to identify caseness possible and probable of anxiety disorders and depression among patients in. Other than physically ill individuals, the hads is also used with community.
It is a fourteen item selfassessment scale, with seven. The findings of this study were published by zigmond and snaith 19831. Use of the hospital anxiety and depression scale hads in. The hospital anxiety and depression scale health and. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads was devised 30 years ago by zigmond and snaith 1 to measure anxiety and depression in a general medical population of patients. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads was developed by zigmond and snaith in 1983. Hospital anxiety and depression scale hads is commonly used by doctors to determine the levels of anxiety and depression that a patient is experiencing. Hospital anxiety and depression scale the british journal of. It is composed of two 7item subscales hadsd and hadsa for depression and anxiety, resp. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads was originally designed by zigmond and snaith in 1983 as a short, easytouse, 14item screening tool for depression and anxiety symptoms in the. James university hospital, leeds, yorkshire, england abstract a selfassessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxi ety in the setting of an. If your clinician knows about these feelings he or she will be able to help you more. Other than physically ill individuals, the hads is also used with community samplespopulations. Outcome measure hospital anxiety and depression scale hads sensitivity to change yes population adult domain psychological status anxiety and depression type of measure selfreport scale icf.
Reliability and validity of the hospital anxiety and. For the twofactor model proposed by zigmond and snaith 1, satisfactory levels of cronbachs alphas were found for anxiety and depression factors in the community a. Assesses anxiety and depression in a nonpsychiatric population. James university hospital, leeds, yorkshire, england abstract a self. Responses are based on the relative frequency of symptoms over the past week. Originally developed by zigmond and snaith 1983 and is commonly used to determine the levels of anxiety and depression that a patient is experiencing.
The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads was administered to 50 1665 yr old medical patients and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads has been used widely with cardiovascular. The 15th and 16th items represent the total anxiety and depression score of the questionnaire. The norms below will give you an idea of the level of anxiety and depression. To determine the psychometric properties of the hospital anxiety and depression scale hads in patients with breast cancer and determine the suitability of the instrument for use with this. The objectives of this study were to present some psychometric properties of the hads on a large sample of french employees. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads has been used in several languages to assess anxiety and depression in general hospital patients with good results. The beauty of the hads score is its simplicity, speed and ease. Hospital anxiety and depression scale scoring sheet yes definitely yes sometimes no, not much no, not at all 1. The hads was originally developed by zigmond and snaith as a screening tool to capture clinically significant states of anxiety and depression in a non. It was divided into an anxiety subscale hadsa and a depression subscale hadsd both containing seven intermingled items. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads was developed by zigmond and snaith in 1983 to identify caseness possible and probable of anxiety disorders and depression among patients in nonpsychiatric hospital clinics. Normative data for the hospital anxiety and depression scale core.
Hospital anxiety and depression scale occupational. If your clinician knows about these feelings he or she will be able to. Aug 01, 2003 the hospital anxiety and depression scale, or hads, was designed to provide a simple yet reliable tool for use in medical practice. The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. It has become a popular tool, for clinical practice and research. It is a fourteen item selfassessment scale, with seven items related to anxiety and seven to depression. Hospital anxiety and depression scale hads was originally developed by zigmond and snaith 1983 and is commonly used by doctors to determine the levels of anxiety and depression that a person is experiencing.
Seven of the items relate to anxiety and seven relate to depression. It is suggested that the introduction of the scales into general. Supplement of brief questionnaires could improve the diagnostic accuracy of gps for these common mental disorders. Feb 01, 1986 the hospital anxiety and depression scale. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads is a widely used instrument to measure psychological morbidity in cancer patients. This is a sample version of the hospital anxiety and. Hospital anxiety and depression scale data share 2. Patients with 8 or more points in the scale were considered probable case of anxiety or depression. Hospital anxiety and depression scale hads hospital anxiety and depression scale hads detects states of anxiety and depression in an adult population. For the twofactor model proposed by zigmond and snaith 1, satisfactory levels of cronbachs alphas. Pdf there is a need to assess the contribution of mood disorder, especially anxiety and depression, in order to understand the experience of suffering. Use of the hospital anxiety and depression scale hads in a. Rasch analysis of the scoring scheme of the hads depression. The term hospital in its title suggests that it is only valid in.
It is suggested that the introduction of the scales into general hospital practice would. Accuracy of the hospital anxiety and depression scale for. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads can be used as a diagnostic aid with adolescents, with modifications to the cutoffs reflecting lower rates of depression among adolescents than among adults and higher rates of anxiety. Depression anxiety and stress scale dass the dass is a 42item questionnaire which includes three selfreport scales designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. A validation study of the hospital anxiety and depression. Clinicians are aware that emotions play an important part in most illnesses. Bjelland et al, 2002, the researchers concluded that the hads was found to perform well in. It is suggested that the introduction of the hads into general hospital practice would facilitate. Subjects rate the 14 items on a fivepoint scale 04. The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder.
This study aimed to translate and test the reliability and. Hospital anxiety and depression scale, deutsche version hads. The hads is a 14item, 4point selfreport likert scale assessing anxiety and depression symptoms. Hads is a selfreport questionnaire consisting of 16 items, the first 14 of which are scored. A selfassessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of an hospital medical outpatient clinic. Hospital anxiety and depression scale the hads is a selfadministered scale consisting of 14 items split across anxiety and depression subscales, each with a fourpoint ordinal response format. Factor structure, item analyses and internal consistency in a large population. The hospital anxiety and depression scale health and quality of. The hospital anxiety and depression scale zigmond 1983. The hospital anxiety and depression scale article, 1983. Hospital anxiety and depression scale hads spinal cord. The hospital anxiety and depression scale zigmond 1983 acta. It is used extensively in france, but has never been the subject of a full study in a population at work. Its purpose is to provide clinicians with an acceptable, reliable, valid and easy to use practical tool for identifying and quantifying depression and anxiety.
Jul 14, 2005 the hospital anxiety and depression scale hads is a widely used selfreport instrument designed as a brief assessment tool of the distinct dimensions of anxiety and depression in nonpsychiatric populations 11, 12. The findings of this study were published by zigmond and snaith 1983 1. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads was developed from a study conducted in the outpatient clinic of a general medical hospital. I wake early and then sleep badly for the rest of the night. I get very frightened or have panic feelings for apparently no reason at all. Hospital anxiety and depression scale, deutsche version. Hospital anxiety and depression scale manual 2019 natural. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 314k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page.
The hads manual indicates that a score between 0 and 7 is normal, between 8 and 10 mild. Hads gives clinically meaningful results as a psychological screening tool and can assess the symptom severity and caseness of anxiety disorders and depression in patients with. Reliable information about the coronavirus covid19 is available from the world health organization current situation, international travel. Hospital anxiety and depression scale hads tick the box beside the reply that is closest to how you have been feeling in the past week. The depressive and anxiety subscales are used to measure the severity of each disorder, with each containing seven questions. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads is a valid and reliable selfrating scale that measures anxiety and depression in both hospital and community settings. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads is a questionnaire widely used for detecting anxiety and depressive disorders.
It is used extensively in france, but has never been the. Factor analyses of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. But screening for these potential comorbidities in a. Pdf the hospital anxiety and depression scale hads. The hospital anxiety and depression scale, or hads, was designed to provide a simple yet reliable tool for use in medical practice. Hospital anxiety and depression scale scoring sheet. Hospital anxiety and depression scale hads springerlink. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads introduction. The hospital anxiety and depression scale, or hads, was designed to. The term hospital in its title suggests that it is only valid in such a setting but many studies conducted throughout the world have confirmed that it is valid when used in community settings and primary care. The hospital anxiety and depression scale hads is a bidirectional selfassessment scale used to screen for clinical depression and anxiety in hospital outpatient medical clinics. Depression and anxiety are prevalent psychiatric comorbidities that are known to have a negative impact on a patients general prognosis. Jul, 2019 from the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fourth. It is a 14item questionnaire that consists of two subscales of seven items designed to measure levels both of anxiety and.
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